三、 代詞

(一) 知識(shí)概要

英語(yǔ)中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。 人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請(qǐng)看下表

人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

主格 i you he she it we you they

賓格 me you him her it us you them

物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請(qǐng)看下表��

人稱 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的

形容詞性 my your his her its ours your they

名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

反身代詞可見下表

人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves

指示代詞主要有this, that, these, those

疑問代詞有：who, whom whose, what, which,

還有疑問副詞when, how, where, why.

不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some, any, many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either…

(二) 正誤辨析

[誤]Tom's mother is taller than my.

[正]Tom's mother is taller than mine.

[析]形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語(yǔ)，也就是講它可以作形容詞，如：my book,而這句話的意思是：湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對(duì)象是my mother,也就是mine.

[誤]We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.

[正]We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it.

[析]在應(yīng)用代詞時(shí)，要注意人稱，格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework, 所以應(yīng)用it.

[誤]He and you should go to the library to return the books.

[正]You and he should go to the library to return the books.

[析]這主要是英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you, he, she, I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we, you, they:如男女并列時(shí)，應(yīng)先男后女，如：He and she …如果在表示不好意思，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，單數(shù)時(shí)用，I, he, she, you, 復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They, you, we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.

You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.

We, you and they have been there before.

I, he and you have to pay for it.

[誤]He or his brother is doing their homework.

[正]He or his brother is doing his homework.

[析]由either…or, neither…nor, or 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果兩主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí)，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí)，一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.

[誤]His brother is taller than him.

[正]His brother is taller than he.

[析]than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為省略句，than he is.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。

I like you as much as she.

[正]I like you as much as her.

[析]as…as 其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為as I like her.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語(yǔ)法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。

[誤]Myself did it yesterday.

[正]I myself did it yesterday.

[正]I did it myself yesterday.

[析]反身代詞不可作主語(yǔ)，但可以用作主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)。

[誤]Take care of ourselves.

[正]Take care of yourselves .(yourself)

[析]祈始句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.

[誤]Please bring your daughter with yourself.

[正]Please bring your daughter with you.

[析]反身代詞不能作介詞賓語(yǔ)，除非是由不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如： The old woman spoke to herself.

[誤]Make yourself home.

[正]Make yourself at home.

[析]這是英語(yǔ)中的習(xí)慣用法，意為"像在家里一樣".這樣的用法還有：

enjoy oneself 玩得開心make yourself at home 像在家中一樣

help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路

seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣

[誤]- Who's this speaking.- That's Mary.

[正]- Who's that speaking.- This is Mary.

[析]在電話用語(yǔ)中，this指講話人自己，而that指對(duì)方。

[誤]The days in summer are longer than this in winter.

[正]The days in summer are longer than those in winter.

[析]在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù)，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是單數(shù)時(shí)用that,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those,如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.

[誤]It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.

[正]It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.

[正]It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.

[析]在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句，也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 時(shí)，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little這4個(gè)詞前僅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時(shí)，則不能用such,如：She is so sweet that everyone likes her.

[誤]I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.

[正]I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.

[析]same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有all the same(仍然)。

[誤]- I hope she might pass the exam.- I don't hope so.

[正]- I hope she might pass the exam.- I hope not.

[析]在作肯定回答時(shí)，I think so. I hope so. I believe so.但作否定回答時(shí)為：I don't think so. I hope/believe not.

[誤]- He studied very hard this term.- So she did.

[正]- He studied very hard this term.- So did she.

[誤]- English is difficult to learn.- So is it.

[正]- English is difficult to learn.- So it is.

[析]在對(duì)話中如果某一動(dòng)作同時(shí)適用于兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)在答語(yǔ)中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句，即studied hard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語(yǔ)僅僅是對(duì)前句的重復(fù)，即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時(shí)則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為：英語(yǔ)難學(xué)。答語(yǔ)為：是的，難 學(xué)。這時(shí)縮寫的答語(yǔ)不要用倒裝句。

[誤]Everyone should do one's best.

[正]Everyone should do his best.

[析]one作代詞時(shí)，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's,反身代詞為oneself.如果講One should do one's best.則是對(duì)句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 則要用his/her,來(lái)作其所有格形式。

[誤]- Who won the game?- None.

[正]- Who won the game?- No one.

[析]由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡(jiǎn)略說(shuō)法是no one,而由How many提問的句子的否定回答中的簡(jiǎn)略語(yǔ)是None.如：How many books are there? None.

[誤]There are many trees on either sides of the street.

[正]There are many trees on either side of the street.